OOP & File Handling

# 1. تعريف الـ Class
class Student:
    pass   # فاضي حالياً — هنضيف حاجات بعدين

# 2. إنشاء Objects (Instantiation) — بننادي الكلاس زي الدالة
student1 = Student()
student2 = Student()

# print(student1) هيطبع عنوان الـ Object في الذاكرة — ده مش مهم دلوقتي
# المهم إن student1 و student2 هما objects مختلفة!

class Student:
    pass

student1 = Student()
student1.name = "Mona"
student1.level = 2

student2 = Student()
# نسيت تضيف level لـ student2!

print(student1.name)   # Mona
print(student2.level)  # AttributeError — خطأ!

class Student:
    # الـ Constructor — بيتنادى أوتوماتيك عند إنشاء Object
    def __init__(self, name, level, department="General"):
        self.name = name             # self.name = الـ attribute بتاع الـ Object
        self.level = level
        self.department = department

# Python بتنادي __init__ لوحدها أول ما تعمل Object
student1 = Student("Mona", 2, "IS")
student2 = Student("Ali", 2)   # هياخد "General" كـ default

print(student1.name)        # Mona
print(student2.department)  # General

class Student:
    def __init__(self, name, level):
        self.name = name    # self هنا = الـ Object اللي بيتعمل دلوقتي
        self.level = level

    def display_info(self):
        # لما student1.display_info() تتنادى، self هنا = student1
        print(self.name, self.level)

student1 = Student("Mona", 2)
student1.display_info()   # Mona 2

student2 = Student("Ali", 3)
student2.display_info()   # Ali 3 — كل object بياناته مختلفة!

class Student:
    def __init__(self, name, level):
        self.name = name
        self.level = level

    def promote(self):
        self.level += 1    # بتزود الـ level بواحد

    def display_info(self):
        return f"Student: {self.name}, Level: {self.level}"

student1 = Student("Mona", 2)
print(student1.display_info())  # Student: Mona, Level: 2
student1.promote()
print(student1.display_info())  # Student: Mona, Level: 3

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def introduce(self):
        print("I am a person")

# Student "is a" Person — وراثة بالأقواس (مش كلمة inherits!)
class Student(Person):
    def __init__(self, name, level):
        # super() بتنادي Constructor الـ Parent
        super().__init__(name)
        self.level = level

    # Method Overriding: بنعيد كتابة الدالة عشان نغير سلوكها
    def introduce(self):
        print(f"I am a student named {self.name}, level {self.level}")

p = Person("Ahmed")
s = Student("Mona", 2)

p.introduce()   # I am a person
s.introduce()   # I am a student named Mona, level 2
print(s.name)   # Mona — ورّثها من Person!

class Instructor:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

class Course:
    def __init__(self, title, instructor_name):
        self.title = title
        # Course "has an" Instructor — مش Course "is" Instructor
        self.instructor = Instructor(instructor_name)

    def show(self):
        print(f"{self.title} taught by {self.instructor.name}")

course1 = Course("Python", "Dr. Mohamed")
course1.show()  # Python taught by Dr. Mohamed

try:
    with open("data.txt", "r") as file:
        content = file.read()
        print(content)
except FileNotFoundError:
    print("الملف مش موجود — File not found!")
except PermissionError:
    print("مفيش صلاحية للوصول للملف ده!")

import json

student_data = {"name": "Mona", "level": 2, "dept": "IS"}

# json.dump(): بتحفظ الـ dict في ملف JSON
with open("student.json", "w") as f:
    json.dump(student_data, f, indent=4)  # indent بتخلي شكله منسق

# json.load(): بتقرأ من ملف JSON وترجعه dict
with open("student.json", "r") as f:
    data = json.load(f)
    print(data["name"])   # Mona

# json.dumps(): بتحوّل dict لـ String JSON (مش لملف)
json_string = json.dumps(student_data)

# json.loads(): بتحوّل String JSON لـ dict
back_to_dict = json.loads(json_string)

import json

class Student:
    def __init__(self, name, level, dept):
        self.name = name
        self.level = level
        self.dept = dept

    # بنحول الـ Object لـ dict عشان نحفظه في JSON (Serialization)
    def to_dict(self):
        return {
            "name": self.name,
            "level": self.level,
            "dept": self.dept
        }

# إنشاء Objects
s1 = Student("Mona", 2, "IS")
s2 = Student("Ali", 3, "CS")

# حفظ في JSON file
students_list = [s1.to_dict(), s2.to_dict()]
with open("students.json", "w") as f:
    json.dump(students_list, f, indent=4)

print("✅ تم حفظ بيانات الطلاب في students.json")